Pope Pius IX
The last Pope-King, Pius IX ruled the Papal States until 1870 in the longest pontificate in history, defined the dogma of the Immaculate Conception, proclaimed papal infallibility at Vatican I, and condemned liberalism in the Syllabus of Errors.
Editorial coordinates · view sources & context ↓
- Closest Spectrum
- Right
- Closest Ideology
- Christian Theocratism
- Similar Figure
- Engelbert Dollfuss
Name-only placeholder for Pope Pius IX. No catalog image is shown.

















