The atlas / Ideologies
A world of political ideas.
Familiar traditions. Unexpected combinations. Explore the schools of thought behind political labels, and see how each one takes shape across twelve dimensions.
257 profiles
Twelve dimensions in every profile- Right
Absolute Monarchism
Defense of monarchy with unlimited power concentrated in the sovereign, legitimized by tradition or divine right, without a constitution or parliament to restrict the king's authority over state and society.
- Radical left
African Socialism
Current of Sankara, Samora Machel, Nkrumah and Nyerere joining pan-Africanism, Black consciousness, anticolonial struggle, agrarian collectivization and self-reliance against neocolonialism and racism.
- Anarchist
Agrarian Anarchism
Anarchist branch centered on the countryside, defending autonomous rural communities, collective ownership of land, and peasant cooperation, rejecting the state and land concentration in favor of self-management.
- Radical left
Agrarian Communism
Revolutionary model that idealizes peasant life and collective rural production, rejecting cities, markets, and private property in favor of an equality imposed by state mobilization and communal discipline.
- Radical left
Agrarian Socialism
Current that builds socialism from the countryside, with a single party, collectivization into villages and cooperatives, food self-sufficiency and protection of land and forests, as in Nyerere's Ujamaa.
- Right
Agrarianism
Republican tradition that idealizes the small landowning farmer as the basis of civic virtue and liberty, advocating wide distribution of land, limited and decentralized government, and distrust of banks, public debt, industry and large cities.
- Right
Alt-Lite
More moderate branch of the alternative right, nationalist and anti-globalist, which rejects explicit racial supremacism but defends cultural identity, criticism of immigration, and the fight against political correctness.
- Right
American Conservatism
Platform of the Republican Party, combining border security and deportations, tariffs and industrial protectionism, tax cuts and deregulation, gun rights, Christian values and returning abortion to the states.
- Anarchist
Anarchism
Family of political philosophies questioning the legitimacy of state rule and other imposed hierarchies. Political anarchists commonly favor voluntary association, self-management, and mutual aid, while differing on property, economics, and strategies for change.
- Libertarian
Anarcho-Capitalism
Current that proposes abolishing the state and organizing all of society through contracts and free markets, with security, justice, and services provided by competing private companies under absolute property rights.
- Anarchist
Anarcho-Communism
Current that unites anarchism and communism, proposing a society without state or private property, with collective production and distribution according to need, based on free association and mutual aid.
- Libertarian
Anarcho-Conservatism
Current that rejects the state but preserves tradition, religion, and community values, defending a spontaneous social order based on customs, family, and natural authority instead of central political power.
- Anarchist
Anarcho-Distributism
Synthesis of anarchism and distributism that defends the wide distribution of property and small-scale production, with autonomous communities and cooperatives organized without a state or large monopolies.
- Anarchist
Anarcho-Naturism
Anarchist branch linked to naturism that defends simple living in contact with nature, without a state or oppressive conventions, valuing individual autonomy, health, and harmony with the natural world.
- Anarchist
Anarcho-Pacifism
Anarchist branch that rejects the state and all violence, defending social transformation through nonviolent means, civil disobedience, and voluntary cooperation as the path to a free and just society.
- Anarchist
Anarcho-primitivism
Current of John Zerzan and Ted Kaczynski that sees industrial civilization and agriculture itself as the root of domination, calling for the end of modern technology and a return to small stateless hunter-gatherer communities.
- Anarchist
Anarcho-Progressivism
Synthesis of anarchist currents centered on the liberation of body and identity, uniting the critique of patriarchy and of gender and sexuality norms with an openness to technology as a tool of emancipation, all under the rejection of the state, capitalism, and every imposed hierarchy.
- Anarchist
Anarcho-Syndicalism
Current that sees revolutionary unions as the basis for overthrowing capitalism through direct action and the general strike, organizing production by the workers themselves in a free, stateless society.
- Left
Anti-Colonial Socialism
Socialist current born of national liberation struggles in Africa, Asia, and Latin America, defending economic sovereignty, resource nationalization, non-alignment, and solidarity among peoples of the Global South against imperialism.
- Right
Archeofuturism
A doctrine coined by Guillaume Faye that fuses archaic, hierarchical and traditionalist values — ethnic identity, spirituality and a warrior ethos — with an unreserved embrace of advanced technology, arguing that an approaching civilizational collapse will force humanity to combine tribal social order with hyper-modern science.
- Right
Aristocratic Liberalism
Liberalism before mass democracy: it guarantees civil liberty, property, a free press and a lean state, but restricts the vote to educated property owners, fearing that unlimited popular sovereignty would destroy the very liberties it protects.
- Right
Aristocratism
Doctrine of the rule of the best, entrusting power to a minority qualified by virtue, education or birth, rejecting political equality and majority rule as surrendering the city to incompetence.
- Right
Aristotelianism
Aristotle's political philosophy, defending a mixed constitution of monarchical, aristocratic and popular elements to avoid both tyranny and radical democracy, reserving full citizenship for those with virtue, property and the education to deliberate.
- Center
Armed Pacifism
Armed neutrality that refuses alliances, interventions and foreign projection, yet sustains robust armed forces, compulsory service and prepared territorial defense, treating military strength as the guarantee of not being dragged into other nations wars.
- Right
Athenian Democracy
Ideology of the classical polis, advocating direct popular sovereignty through assembly and sortition among equal citizens, while reserving citizenship to a hereditary minority, excluding women, foreigners and slaves.
- Right
Atlanticism
Geopolitical doctrine of the alliance between the US, Canada and Europe around NATO and the EU, which backs the alliance's eastward expansion and the use of Western military power to spread liberal democracy and free markets against Russia and China.
- Right
Authoritarian Capitalism
Model that combines a market economy and private property with a closed political regime, in which the state guarantees order, growth, and stability while restricting civil liberties and political competition.
- Right
Authoritarian Conservatism
Current that preserves order, tradition, and hierarchy through a strong state, restricting freedoms and political participation in the name of social stability, morality, religion, and established authority.
- Right
Authoritarian Liberalism
Current that combines a market economy, private property, trade openness, and technocracy with low democratic participation, holding that a strong, efficient state should preserve order, stability, and growth.
- Right
Authoritarian Neoliberalism
Regime that imposes radical free markets through a military dictatorship, with privatizations, trade opening and Chicago-trained economists, repressing unions, parties and opponents in the name of order and anticommunism.
- Radical left
Authoritarian Progressivism
Project that imposes progressive social transformations from above, using state power to accelerate changes in customs and equality, even at the cost of individual liberties and organized political opposition.
- Third position
Ba'athist Socialism
An Arab current of state socialism combining pan-Arab nationalism, a vanguard party, planning, land reform and control of strategic sectors, advocating Arab unity, secularism and independence from imperialism.
- Center
Bioconservatism
Position that opposes genetic manipulation and the technological enhancement of the human body, defending ethical limits on science in the name of dignity, human nature, and prudence toward the future.
- Radical left
Blanquist Socialism
Auguste Blanqui's doctrine that a conspiratorial revolutionary minority should seize power and rule through a provisional dictatorship that expropriates the bourgeoisie, with militant atheism and distrust of elections and of spontaneous mass action.
- Libertarian
Bleeding-Heart Libertarianism
Current that unites free markets and individual freedoms with concern for social justice, holding that economic freedom must also concretely improve the lives of the poorest and most vulnerable.
- Left
Bolivarian Socialism
Latin American project that combines popular nationalism, anti-imperialism, social redistribution, and strong presidential leadership, using the state and strategic resources to promote sovereignty and popular inclusion.
- Right
Bonapartism
Caesarist current that legitimises a charismatic leader by plebiscite above parties, combining personal authority, bureaucratic centralisation, military mobilisation and state-led modernising reforms.
- Third position
Brazilian Integralism
Authoritarian nationalist movement that emerged in 1930s Brazil, with a Christian and corporatist base, the motto God, Fatherland and Family, mass aesthetics, and frontal opposition to liberalism and communism.
- Center
Brazilian Social Democracy
Current of Brazil's PSDB, founded in 1988 by Covas, Montoro and Cardoso, joining a market economy, social state, state reform and fiscal responsibility with parliamentarism and moderation on social issues.
- Right
Buddhist Nationalism
A current fusing ethnic identity and Theravada Buddhist faith, seeing the nation as guardian of the Dharma threatened by minorities, as in Sinhalese nationalism in Sri Lanka and the Ma Ba Tha and 969 monk movements in Myanmar.
- Left
Buddhist Socialism
A current that grounds socialism in Buddhist ethics, seeing compassion and the end of attachment as the basis of equality, common property and the rejection of caste, from Ambedkar and the Dalai Lama to Ne Win's Burmese socialism.
- Right
Buddhist Theocracy
Rule by a Buddhist monastic hierarchy, with reincarnated leaders and monasteries dominating politics and land, traditional order and moral precepts as law, as in the Tibet of the Dalai Lama before 1950.
- Right
Caesarism
Roman imperial tradition that, from Julius Caesar through Augustus, Nero, Marcus Aurelius and Justinian, concentrates army, law and administration in the ruler while preserving institutions, popular provisioning and sovereignty over a diverse empire.
- Right
Cameralism
Administrative doctrine of enlightened absolutism that organized the state through a disciplined bureaucracy and centralized finances, promoting industry, population, and revenue as sources of the monarch's power.
- Right
Capitalism
Economic system based on private property, free markets, and the pursuit of profit, in which production and prices are regulated by competition and supply and demand, with individual initiative as its engine.
- Right
Carlist Traditionalism
A Spanish current of counter-revolutionary traditionalism, born in the 19th-century Carlist Wars under the motto God, Fatherland, Fueros and King, advocating a legitimist Catholic monarchy, religious unity, regional fueros and an organic society against liberalism.
- Right
Catholicism
Social doctrine of the Catholic Church, combining traditionalist morality and defense of life with concern for social justice, subsidiarity and worker dignity, under the hierarchical authority of the papacy and canon law.
- Center
Centrism
Political position that seeks balance between left and right, valuing moderation, pragmatism, and consensus, and combining elements of different currents to avoid extremes and favor gradual reforms.
- Radical left
Chinese Socialism
21st-century doctrine of the CPC associated with Xi Jinping. It combines centralized Party leadership and socialist modernization, advocating national rejuvenation, predominant public ownership, and a socialist market with private enterprise and technological innovation.
- Right
Christian Accelerationism
Current that fuses traditional Christianity with technological acceleration, holding that artificial intelligence, industry and national power should be driven forward unchecked as a civilisational mission against secular decay.
- Anarchist
Christian Anarchism
Current that unites Christian faith with anarchism, holding that the Gospel preaches love, equality, and nonviolence incompatible with the state, and defending free communities based on conscience and charity.
- Right
Christian Conservatism
Current that grounds politics in Christian morality and tradition, defending family, life, and religious values within democracy, with emphasis on preserving the people's customs and cultural heritage.
- Center
Christian Democracy
Centrist current that applies Christian values to democratic politics, defending the social market economy, family, solidarity, and the common good as the foundation of free and pluralist institutions.
- Left
Christian Labourism
Branch that combines the defense of workers and social justice with Christian values, promoting labor rights, solidarity, and social protection within democracy, inspired by the social doctrine of the Church.
- Left
Christian Progressivism
Current that unites Christian faith with the defense of social justice, rights, and reforms, seeing in the Gospel a call to solidarity, equality, and care for the poor and marginalized of society and the world.
- Left
Christian Social Democracy
Current that turns the Gospel into reforms within democracy, defending a welfare state, labor rights, unions and redistribution without breaking with the market or with liberal institutions.
- Radical left
Christian Socialism
Current of Thomas Müntzer, the peasants of 1525 and guerrilla priests such as Camilo Torres, seeking the Kingdom of God on earth through revolution, with common property and the rule of the poor imposed by force.
- Right
Christian Theocratism
Christian theocratist doctrine that subordinates political power to religious authority, holding that divine law and the Church should govern the state and customs, from medieval and papal ultramontanism to modern reconstructionist projects.
- Center
Civic Nationalism
Nationalism based on citizenship and shared values rather than ethnicity, defining the nation by adherence to common laws and institutions, open to all who accept its democratic and civic principles.
- Libertarian
Classical Liberalism
Original branch of liberalism that defends natural rights, property, free markets, and a minimal state, seeing individual freedom and the strict limitation of power as the foundations of a just society.
- Third position
Clerical Fascism
A variant of fascism that fuses ultranationalism, a mass party and militias with the authority of a national Church, with clergy in power, as in Dollfuss's Austrofascism, Father Tiso's Slovakia, the Croatian Ustaše and Romania's Iron Guard.
- Anarchist
Communalism
Model created by Murray Bookchin based on autonomous municipalities and federated popular assemblies, with a community economy and direct democracy, seeking to replace the state with a free confederation.
- Radical left
Communism
Final stage theorized by Marx and Engels: a classless, stateless society without private ownership of the means of production, with collective production and distribution according to need, superseding capitalism and the transitional socialist phase.
- Center
Communitarianism
Current that values community bonds, traditions, and the common good above individualism, holding that justice and identity arise from life in community and the responsibilities people share.
- Center
Confederal Republicanism
Tradition of republics made of sovereign provinces or cantons, such as the Dutch Republic and the old Swiss Confederacy, with local self-government, open trade, armed neutrality and deep-rooted Protestant faith.
- Right
Confederate Conservatism
Ideology of the slaveholding South that sustained the Confederacy, joining states' rights and secession, racial hierarchy and slavery, a patriarchal Christian agrarian society, free trade and militarism.
- Right
Confucianism
Doctrine that grounds political order in the ruler's virtue, ritual hierarchy and filial piety, favouring bureaucratic merit and moral education over coercive law or popular participation.
- Right
Conservatism
Political tradition that values order, customs, family, and consolidated institutions, preferring gradual and prudent change over rupture, based on historical experience and skepticism toward utopias.
- Center
Conservative Centrism
Centrist branch that combines economic moderation and institutional respect with social conservatism, valuing family, religion, order, and gradual change without joining the authoritarian right or populist radicalism.
- Right
Conservative Liberalism
Synthesis that unites free markets and economic freedoms with the appreciation of tradition, order, and institutions, defending prudent change and social stability within the framework of liberal democracy.
- Center
Constitutional Monarchism
Defense of monarchy as a symbol of unity and continuity, with the king subject to the constitution and parliament, uniting tradition and institutional stability with representative democracy and the rule of law.
- Third position
Corporatism
Model that organizes society into corporations of workers and employers integrated into the state, seeking harmony between classes and directed economic cooperation instead of conflict or free competition.
- Radical left
Council Communism
An anti-Leninist Marxist current of Pannekoek, Gorter and Mattick, which holds that workers themselves should run production and power through workers' councils, rejecting the vanguard party, the state and parliamentarism.
- Libertarian
Crypto-Anarchism
Current that uses cryptography and digital technologies to guarantee privacy, freedom, and transactions beyond state control, seeking to weaken surveillance and authority through technological means.
- Radical left
Cuban Socialism
Revolutionary regime of Fidel Castro and Che Guevara, with a single party, a state-run economy, universal health and education, export of armed revolution and the new man ideal against imperialism.
- Right
Cultural Nationalism
Nationalism based on shared language, traditions, and heritage rather than race, which values the people's cultural identity and the integration of those who adopt these values, defending the nation's cohesion.
- Right
Dark Enlightenment
A intellectual current of Nick Land and Curtis Yarvin that attacks democracy, egalitarianism and the academic-media "Cathedral", defends autocratic government and exit, and harbors strands of race realism and accelerationism.
- Left
Deep Ecology
Current that attributes intrinsic value to all life and not only to human beings, defending a profound change of values, the reduction of human impact, and respect for the balance of the planet's ecosystems.
- Left
Democratic Confederalism
A bottom-up self-government model of Abdullah Öcalan, with local assemblies federated into a confederation, ecology, gender equality and a cooperative economy, without a nation-state, put into practice in Rojava.
- Left
Democratic Socialism
Socialist tradition pursuing social ownership and economic democracy through democratic participation and protection of political freedoms. Its supporters differ on markets, planning, and the path beyond capitalism.
- Left
Dengist Socialism
Pragmatic reform initiated by Deng Xiaoping that introduced markets, private property, and economic opening under the absolute control of the Communist Party, forming the model of socialism with Chinese characteristics.
- Center
Direct Democracy
A system in which citizens decide laws directly through referendums, popular initiatives, assemblies and recall of officials, instead of delegating to representatives, as in the Swiss cantons and classical Athens.
- Center
Distributism
Doctrine of Christian inspiration that advocates the wide distribution of property and small-scale production, opposing both monopoly capitalism and state socialism in favor of autonomous communities.
- Radical left
Eco-Authoritarianism
Current that advocates a strong, interventionist state to confront the environmental crisis, subordinating economic and political freedoms to ecological urgency and strict control of consumption and production.
- Right
Eco-Capitalism
Current that seeks to solve the environmental crisis through the market, using pricing, green technology, and incentives to make protecting nature profitable and compatible with growth and free enterprise.
- Right
Eco-Conservatism
Branch that unites conservatism and environmental protection, defending the preservation of nature as part of the tradition and heritage to be passed on to future generations, with prudence toward change.
- Right
Eco-Fascism
Current that fuses radical ecology, authoritarianism, and organic nationalism, defending population control, coercive environmental preservation, and the subordination of individual freedoms to the survival of the national community.
- Center
Eco-Nationalism
Current that links environmental protection to national sovereignty, prioritizing the protection of the country's own natural resources and land and sustainable development within national borders.
- Left
Eco-Socialism
Current that fuses socialism and ecology, attributing the environmental crisis to capitalism and defending collective, sustainable, and democratic production that respects the limits of nature and social needs.
- Libertarian
Effective Accelerationism
A movement born online in 2022 that argues for accelerating AI, energy and innovation through the market and without regulation, treating technological progress as a moral imperative and rejecting advocates of slowing down.
- Anarchist
Egoist Anarchism
Current founded by Max Stirner in The Ego and Its Own (1844), which rejects the state, morality, religion and rights as spooks and proposes voluntary unions of egoists who associate only while it serves them.
- Right
Enlightened Monarchism
Enlightened absolutism: a sovereign monarch who rules by reason, "everything for the people, nothing by the people", with a bureaucracy of experts, education and reforms against the Church and the nobility, from Frederick II to Joseph II.
- Left
Environmentalism
Movement dedicated to protecting the environment and the sustainable use of resources, advocating policies against pollution and climate change and harmony between human development and ecological balance.
- Right
Ethnic Nationalism
Conception that defines the nation by common origin, language, and ancestry, advocating a state of the dominant ethnicity and the preservation of its identity, with a tendency to exclude minorities and immigrants from the national body.
- Third position
Eurasianism
Russian geopolitical current that sees Eurasia as a distinct civilization and proposes a Moscow-led continental bloc, with regional autonomy and shared strategic command, against Atlanticism and US hegemony.
- Left
Eurocommunism
A 1970s Western European communist current that sought a national path to socialism through elections, party pluralism and civil liberties, independent of Moscow, with a mixed economy under democratic planning.
- Third position
Falangism
Spanish authoritarian nationalism of Catholic and syndicalist inspiration, advocating a corporatist state, national unity, and social hierarchy, becoming the ideological pillar of Franco's regime in Spain.
- Third position
Fascism
Ultranationalist, authoritarian political tradition that places the nation above individual rights, rejects liberal democracy and political pluralism, and glorifies leadership, mobilization, and political violence. Fascist movements varied across countries and periods.
- Center
Federalism
Doctrine that organizes the state through a constitutional division of power between a central government and autonomous regional units, such as cantons or states, with their own competencies, independent courts, and mutual checks against excessive concentration of power.
- Right
Federalist Imperialism
Project of a dynastic empire organized as a federation of nationalities, with regional autonomy, local parliaments and recognized languages, while retaining a hereditary crown, unified army and military assertion of imperial greatness.
- Right
Federalist Monarchism
Current advocating a monarch who actually governs, as constitutional head of the executive or absolute sovereign, over a federation of states or regions with broad self-government, as in the German Empire of 1871, the United Arab Emirates, and Malaysia.
- Radical left
Federalist Socialism
Model of a federation of socialist republics under a vanguard party, as in Lenin's USSR, combining a planned economy and single-party rule with national autonomy, local languages and cultures, and federated republics with a formal right to secede.
- Right
Feudalism
A medieval order based on personal bonds of vassalage between lord and vassals, with land granted as fiefs, a hereditary warrior nobility, serfs bound to the land, the Church as moral authority, and power fragmented among local lords.
- Right
Financial Monarchism
Dynastic microstate model that trades political sovereignty for prosperity: a hereditary prince with real power, minimal taxation, secrecy and financial services as the revenue base, openness to foreign capital and residents, and no standing army.
- Third position
Fourth Political Theory
Theory by Aleksandr Dugin that rejects liberalism, communism, and fascism and proposes a multipolar world founded on civilizations, tradition, and collective identity, opposing globalism and Western hegemony.
- Third position
Futurism
Movement of Filippo Marinetti that exalted speed, machines, industry and war as the world's hygiene, preaching nationalism, anticlericalism and a break with the past, and that helped found Italian fascism.
- Anarchist
Geoanarchism
Synthesis of anarchism and Georgism that rejects the state but treats land and natural resources as commons, defending that their rent be shared by the whole community in a free and egalitarian way.
- Libertarian
Geolibertarianism
Synthesis of libertarianism and Georgism that combines free markets and individual freedoms with the taxation of land value, seen as a common resource, to fund the minimal state without punishing labor.
- Center
Georgist Reformism
Current created by Henry George proposing to fund society with a single tax on land value, holding that land rent belongs to everyone and that labor and capital should not be taxed.
- Anarchist
Green Anarchism
Current that unites anarchism and radical ecology, defending decentralized, sustainable communities without a state or exploitation of nature, in harmony with ecological cycles and non-human life.
- Center
Green Centrism
Centrist branch that prioritizes sustainability, gradual energy transition, environmental regulation, and technological prudence, seeking to reconcile climate protection, markets, and democratic institutions without anti-capitalist rupture.
- Center
Green Liberalism
Current that unites individual freedom, markets, and democracy with the ecological agenda, defending sustainability, rights, and innovation to reconcile economic prosperity with effective environmental protection.
- Libertarian
Hoppean Libertarianism
Current linked to Hans-Hermann Hoppe that unites anarcho-capitalism, absolute private property, and criticism of democracy, defending social orders based on contract, voluntary exclusion, and private authority.
- Right
Imperialism
Doctrine that advocates the territorial, military, and economic expansion of a nation over other peoples and territories, subordinating colonies and spheres of influence to the interests of the metropole through force and political domination.
- Left
Indigenism
Current that values indigenous peoples and their rights, defending autonomy, territory, culture, and political participation, along with development models and a plurinational state that respect their traditions.
- Anarchist
Individualist Socialism
Branch that reconciles socialist ideals with strong emphasis on personal autonomy and freedom, defending cooperation and collective ownership without sacrificing each person's independence and uniqueness.
- Right
Industrial Capitalism
Capitalism of the great industrialists such as Henry Ford, Rockefeller and Thomas Edison, exalting the factory, mass production, invention and the entrepreneur, with a work ethic, traditional family and minimal state interference.
- Right
Interventionist Democracy
Foreign policy doctrine associated with the 2002 US strategy. It favours military force and preemptive action against threats, alongside the international promotion of democracy, open markets and US-led alliances.
- Right
Islamic Democracy
Current reconciling Islam with electoral democracy through conservative religious parties that run in elections and support a market economy and Muslim values in public life, like Turkey's early AKP and Tunisia's Ennahda.
- Center
Islamic Liberalism
Reformist current that reinterprets Islam in light of reason, human rights and pluralism, advocating democracy, gender equality, a non-confessional state and freedom of conscience, in Muhammad Abduh's modernist tradition.
- Third position
Islamic Socialism
Current grounding socialism in Islamic principles such as zakat, the ban on usury and Quranic social justice, combining anti-imperialism with a state-run economy, from Gaddafi's Third Universal Theory to Ali Shariati's thought.
- Right
Islamic Theocratism
A doctrine that hands the state to the Islamic clergy and makes sharia the supreme law, above popular sovereignty, as in Khomeini's guardianship of the jurist (velayat-e faqih) in Iran and the Taliban emirate in Afghanistan.
- Right
Islamism
Political movement advocating a state governed by sharia and Islamic identity, born with Hassan al-Banna's and Sayyid Qutb's Muslim Brotherhood, combining mass activism, religious social welfare and rejection of Western secularism.
- Center
Jacobin Liberalism
A current that sees the unitary, centralized state as the guarantor of individual liberty: uniform law, secularism and single citizenship dismantle the local, clerical and corporate privileges that would oppress the individual without a strong national power.
- Right
Jewish Theocracy
Government ruled by the Torah and halakha, with rabbinical courts, judges or kings under religious authority, Judaism as the state religion and rejection of assimilation, inspired by the biblical kingdoms of Israel and Judah.
- Radical left
Juche Socialism
North Korean doctrine formulated by Kim Il-sung that combines state socialism, national self-reliance, single-party rule, a cult of the leader, militarization, and rejection of external dependence, subordinating economy and society to the regime's sovereignty.
- Center
Kantian Republicanism
Kant's political philosophy, grounding the state's legitimacy in the autonomy of reason and the rule of law, defending a moderate representative republicanism and a federation of free states as the path to perpetual peace.
- Third position
Kemalist Nationalism
Doctrine of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk that founded modern Turkey on six arrows: republicanism, nationalism, populism, statism, laicism and reformism, imposing Westernization and state control of religion from above.
- Left
Keynesian Liberalism
Current inspired by John Maynard Keynes that accepts markets and liberal democracy but gives the state the task of managing demand, with countercyclical public spending, full employment as a goal and a mixed economy.
- Anarchist
Kropotkinian Anarchism
Current of Peter Kropotkin that sees mutual aid as a law of nature and proposes federated communes, integration of farming and industry, science serving all and an ethics of solidarity without the state.
- Left
Labor Zionism
The socialist strand of Zionism that built the State of Israel through the kibbutzim, the Histadrut labor federation, and Ben-Gurion's Mapai party, uniting Jewish nationalism, collective work on the land, and a secular welfare state.
- Left
Labourism
Current that defends workers' interests within democracy, promoting labor rights, social security, strong unions, and income distribution through reforms and the welfare state.
- Left
Lassallean Socialism
Socialist current that seeks to emancipate workers through the national state itself, with universal suffrage, producer cooperatives funded by public money and an explicit refusal of the revolutionary path.
- Left
Left Accelerationism
A post-capitalist techno-socialist synthesis accelerating AI, automation, and cybernetics to reduce compulsory work, socialize abundance, and plan an economy beyond capital; it combines universalism and decommodification with radically progressive social transformation.
- Left
Left-Wing Nationalism
Combines national self-determination and popular sovereignty with social equality and left-wing economic policies. Its historical expressions range from anticolonial and socialist to developmentalist movements, without a single economic or institutional program.
- Left
Left-Wing Populism
Current that mobilizes the people against economic elites, defending redistribution, public control, national sovereignty, plebiscitary democracy, and broad social policy in popular anti-establishment language.
- Left
Left-Wing Pragmatism
Branch that seeks concrete social results by negotiating with the market and existing institutions, prioritizing responsible fiscal austerity, targeted social policy, and governability over revolutionary ideological purity.
- Left
Left-Wing Technocracy
Model that combines socialist planning with scientific management of the economy, entrusting expert committees, rather than elections or party competition, with the rational organization of production and the egalitarian distribution of society's resources.
- Center
Liberal Centrism
Pro-market centrist branch that combines fiscal responsibility, liberal democracy, moderate international openness, and institutional reform, rejecting both broad statism and libertarian radicalism as a political program.
- Center
Liberal Developmentalism
The East Asian Tiger model (Singapore, South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong): champions free markets, foreign trade and private enterprise as engines of growth, paired with an active technocratic state that plans infrastructure, education and strategic industrialization, stopping short of closed protectionism or hard authoritarian control.
- Left
Liberal Socialism
Current that unites socialist goals of equality and social justice with the defense of individual freedoms and democracy, combining strong social protection with pluralism, civil rights, and a mixed economy.
- Right
Liberal Technocracy
Synthesis of the Asian Tigers: entrusts government to a merit-recruited technical elite insulated from the vote and guided by results rather than doctrine, combining free trade, open markets and low taxation with strict public order and state planning where it proves effective.
- Center
Liberalism
Broad political tradition emphasizing liberty, individual rights, toleration, the rule of law, and justification of political authority. Classical, social, and other liberal traditions differ on property, redistribution, and the role of government.
- Libertarian
Libertarian Authoritarianism
A doctrine separating political authority from social control: it favours concentrated, unelected executive power insulated from popular vote, which in exchange guarantees civil liberty, privacy and minimal state interference in private life and morals.
- Libertarian
Libertarian Conservatism
Synthesis that unites free markets and a minimal state with the defense of tradition, family, and order, valuing individual freedom and personal responsibility alongside the preservation of customs and institutions.
- Libertarian
Libertarian Militarism
A doctrine combining a minimal state in taxation, regulation and morals with strong armed forces and an armed citizenry: national defense is the one expanded state function, treated as the condition of civil liberty rather than its exception.
- Libertarian
Libertarian Monarchism
Current that sees monarchy as a guarantee of freedom and stability, defending a king with limited power who protects property and individual rights and maintains a lean, minimally interventionist state.
- Libertarian
Libertarian Populism
Branch that unites anti-politics, radical free markets, and direct popular communication, attacking bureaucracies, taxes, and party elites in the name of individual freedom, entrepreneurship, and the sovereignty of the ordinary citizen.
- Anarchist
Libertarian Socialism
Current that pursues socialism without an authoritarian state, uniting collective ownership and self-management with broad individual freedom, organized from the bottom up by free communities and workers.
- Libertarian
Libertarianism
Family of political theories emphasizing individual freedom and limits on coercive authority. This catalog profile represents a right-libertarian interpretation centered on private property, markets, and a minimal state; other libertarian traditions differ.
- Left
Luxemburgist Socialism
Democratic Marxism inspired by Rosa Luxemburg, which unites revolution and freedom, values the spontaneity of the masses and the general strike, and criticizes both reformism and the authoritarian centralism of vanguard parties.
- Right
Machiavellian Republicanism
A republican current inspired by Machiavelli’s Discourses on Livy. It defends civic liberty through laws, popular participation, and regulated conflict among social groups, allowing exceptional measures to preserve the republic.
- Right
Malthusian Environmentalism
Environmental current inspired by Garrett Hardin that links population pressure to the depletion of common resources. It favours collectively enforced limits on resource use and policies to curb population growth.
- Radical left
Maoist Communism
Mao's Chinese adaptation of Marxism, centered on the peasantry as the revolutionary force, protracted people's war, permanent mass mobilization, and cultural revolution against the party bureaucracy.
- Left
Market Socialism
System in which collectively or publicly owned enterprises compete in markets, uniting the efficiency of competition with the socialist distribution of profits, without the rigid central planning of state economies.
- Radical left
Marxism–Leninism
Revolutionary branch of Marxism that advocates the seizure of power by a vanguard party and the dictatorship of the proletariat, with a planned economy and collectivization, serving as the foundation of the communist regimes of the 20th century.
- Radical left
Marxist Socialism
Marx's original doctrine, analyzing history as class struggle and predicting capitalism's overcoming through proletarian revolution, with abolition of private ownership of the means of production and strong criticism of religion.
- Right
Mercantilism
Doctrine combining free enterprise and competition in the domestic market with an external tariff wall, subsidies for infant industry, a national bank, public infrastructure and trade surplus as a source of national power.
- Center
Meritocracy
Principle according to which positions and rewards should be distributed by talent, effort, and performance rather than origin or privilege, defending equal opportunity and selection by ability.
- Right
Militarism
Regime centered on the armed forces as the core of political power, ruled by a military junta or command hierarchy, marked by centralization, discipline, a cult of order, and expansionism, subordinating civilian politics to military command.
- Libertarian
Minarchism
Libertarian branch that defends a minimal state limited to police, courts, and defense, leaving everything else to the market and private initiative, to protect individual rights without oppressing freedom.
- Libertarian
Minarcho-Mutualism
Synthesis that unites mutualism with a minimal state, combining fair exchange, cooperatives, and free credit with a public structure reduced to the essential functions of protecting rights, contracts, and freedoms.
- Right
Moderating Monarchism
Nineteenth-century constitutional monarchy model in which the monarch exercises a fourth Moderating Power above the Executive, Legislative and Judiciary, arbitrating conflicts and guaranteeing stability over an agrarian economy.
- Right
Modernizing Authoritarianism
Model inspired by Park Chung-hee's regime, combining state-led industrialization, credit for private firms, and planning with anti-communist political repression.
- Libertarian
Municipalism
A world divided into independent city-states and microstates that compete like a market, with free secession, the right of exit and political experimentation, from the medieval free cities to Yarvin's "patchwork" and seasteading.
- Anarchist
Mutualism
Anarchist current founded by Proudhon that advocates fair exchange, free credit, and use-based property, with producers and cooperatives trading among themselves without exploitation, bosses, or a central state.
- Third position
National Bolshevism (NazBol)
Syncretic ideology, also called NazBol, that fuses revolutionary socialism and radical nationalism, combining a collectivist economy, state authoritarianism, and rejection of liberalism, the West, and bourgeois individualism.
- Right
National Capitalism
System that unites free enterprise with strong protectionism and state direction, prioritizing industry, jobs, and national sovereignty over global free trade and unchecked foreign capital.
- Radical left
National Communism
Current that combines a planned socialist economy with a strong national identity, prioritizing the sovereignty and interests of its own country over internationalism, often under personalist and centralized leadership.
- Right
National Conservatism
Current that unites traditional values, family, and religion with strong cultural nationalism, defending sovereignty, borders, and the people's identity within democracy, with clear distrust of globalism.
- Right
National Democracy
Current that combines popular sovereignty and democratic institutions with strong cultural nationalism, prioritizing the nation's interests and identity over supranational commitments and multiculturalism.
- Center
National Developmentalism
Current that advocates industrialization, national sovereignty, and strategic state planning, seeking to modernize the economy through public investment, productive protection, and coordination between government, science, and national companies.
- Right
National Liberalism
Right-wing current that combines free markets, free trade, and limited government with strong national identity, cultural assimilation, traditional and religious values, and a robust military.
- Libertarian
National Libertarianism
Branch that combines the defense of individual freedoms and free markets with appreciation for national sovereignty and identity, defending limited government alongside border control and the nation.
- Third position
National Socialism
German variant of fascism based on racism, antisemitism, and expansionism, which united totalitarianism, the cult of Hitler, and the idea of a superior race, culminating in World War II and the Holocaust.
- Third position
National Syndicalism
Nationalist and syndicalist current that rejects liberalism and Marxism, advocating national unity, corporatist organization of labor, authoritarian social justice, and popular mobilization around the state.
- Right
Nationalism
Ideology that places the nation as the central value, defending its sovereignty, unity, and identity, and prioritizing the interests of the people and the nation-state over external influences and globalism.
- Right
Neo-Thomism
Revival of Thomas Aquinas's thought from 1879 (Leo XIII), with Maritain and Gilson. It grounds politics in natural law, the common good and subsidiarity, favoring mixed government, property with a social function and just war, under Catholic faith.
- Right
Neocameralism
A doctrine of Curtis Yarvin that proposes running the state as a joint-stock company: shareholders, a sovereign CEO, citizens as customers who can leave, guaranteed private property and politics replaced by management.
- Right
Neoconservatism
Right-wing current that unites free markets, traditional values, and an interventionist foreign policy, advocating the promotion of democracy and national interests through military force and global leadership.
- Right
Neoliberalism
Contested term for intellectual traditions and policy programs emphasizing private enterprise, competition, and market exchange. It often supports privatization and deregulation while retaining a state role in establishing market rules and providing some public goods.
- Right
Neoreaction
Current that rejects modern democracy and egalitarianism and proposes replacing them with hierarchical, efficient governments run like companies by a sovereign, combining traditionalism and technology.
- Center
New Deal Liberalism
Democratic Party current born with Franklin Roosevelt that joins financial regulation, social security, public works and strong unions with civic patriotism, preserved capitalism and international leadership.
- Right
Nietzschean Aristocratism
Nietzschean current that rejects egalitarian morality as herd resentment, defending a hierarchy of values, the aristocratic creation of meaning and the tragic affirmation of life after the death of God.
- Left
Nordic Social Democracy
Scandinavian model combining tripartite collective bargaining among unions, employers and the state, a universalist welfare state funded by high taxes, and an open, export-driven market economy, with strong social consensus and low inequality.
- Libertarian
Objectivism
Philosophy created by Ayn Rand that exalts reason, individualism, and rational egoism, defending laissez-faire capitalism and the pursuit of one's own happiness as the supreme moral purpose of each person's life.
- Center
Ordoliberalism
German liberal school that defends the free market within firm rules guaranteed by the state, fighting monopolies and ensuring competition and stability, serving as the basis of the social market economy.
- Right
Paleoconservatism
American traditionalist right, of Buchanan and Kirk, defending Christian heritage, localism and states' rights, immigration restriction, protectionism and non-interventionism, against neoconservatives and the managerial state.
- Libertarian
Paleolibertarianism
Branch that combines radical free markets with traditional, conservative cultural values, defending economic freedom, property, and autonomous local communities against the state and progressivism.
- Right
Pan-Islamism
Ideology advocating the political unity of Muslims above national borders, around the ummah and the ideal of a caliphate, formulated by Jamal al-Din al-Afghani and adopted by Ottoman sultan Abdul Hamid II against European colonialism.
- Right
Paternalistic Conservatism
Conservative tradition that accepts social reforms and protection for the poorest to preserve national cohesion, seeing elites as responsible for the people's welfare and for harmony between classes.
- Radical left
Patriotic Socialism
Current that joins a state-run socialist economy and a strong party with patriotism, the traditional family, religion as national heritage and rejection of cultural progressivism, seeing identity politics as a liberal distraction from class struggle.
- Third position
Peronist Nationalism
Justicialist doctrine of Juan and Eva Perón uniting political sovereignty, economic independence and social justice, with CGT unions, nationalizations, protected industrialization, social Catholicism and a charismatic leader above parties.
- Right
Platonism
Plato's political philosophy, entrusting the city's government to a philosophical elite formed by virtue and knowledge, with strong control over education, property and customs in the name of justice and social harmony.
- Right
Pluralist Imperialism
Autocratic, militarized imperial order that expands territory by conquest yet governs conquered peoples through communal autonomy, administered religious tolerance and tribute, without demanding cultural assimilation from its subjects.
- Radical left
Pol Pot Socialism
Radical agrarian communism of the Khmer Rouge that emptied cities, abolished money and markets, and pursued an egalitarian peasant society by force, causing one of the greatest genocides of the 20th century in Cambodia.
- Center
Political Buddhism
Applies the Dharma to politics: Ashoka's righteous king, Schumacher's Buddhist economics, Buddhadasa's Dhammic socialism and Bhutan's Gross National Happiness. It prioritizes nonviolence, moderate consumption, community and harmony with nature.
- Center
Positivism
Current inspired by Auguste Comte that trusts science and reason to organize society, defending order, progress, and technical administration guided by knowledge in place of metaphysics and tradition.
- Left
Postmodernism
A plural critique of universalism, linear progress, and grand narratives. In a Foucauldian reading, genealogy and power/knowledge analysis show how institutions, norms, and discourses produce subjects and open possibilities for local resistance.
- Center
Pragmatism
Political stance that judges proposals by the practical results they produce rather than fidelity to an ideological dogma, combining market measures, regulation, and social policy according to evidence and each problem's context.
- Left
Progressive Liberalism
Current that unites market capitalism and globalized trade with a robust welfare state, advocating progressive morality, secularism, and democratic institutions, in the Nordic social model.
- Libertarian
Progressive Libertarianism
Branch that pursues gender equality through individual freedom and the market rather than the state, defending autonomy, equal rights, and the end of legal restrictions on women's choices.
- Left
Progressive Nationalism
Current that unites national sovereignty, economic protection, and popular integration with progressive social reforms, seeking a state capable of defending the nation while expanding rights, equality, and inclusion.
- Radical left
Progressive Theocracy
Theocracy led by clerical authority without popular sovereignty, imposing a progressive morality from above as divine commandment: gender equality, sexual liberation, sacred ecology and a break with inherited custom, treated as superstition to be reformed.
- Left
Progressivism
Current that advocates social reforms and the expansion of rights to promote equality and justice, trusting progress, science, and collective action to transform institutions and overcome inequalities.
- Anarchist
Proudhonian Mutualism
Proudhon's original doctrine, denouncing property as theft and advocating free mutual credit, federalism of autonomous communities and possession by use, with strong moral reservations about progress and customs.
- Left
Quilombism
Political project developed by Abdias Nascimento from the history of Brazil's quilombos. It advocates racial equality, Afro-Brazilian self-determination, participatory democracy, a cooperative economy and land held for collective use.
- Center
Radical Centrism
Centrism taken to its limit: it refuses any leaning on principle and seeks exact equidistance between every pole, from economics to morality, treating each political axis as a balance point to be preserved.
- Right
Radical Right
Radical right movement born on the internet, mixing identitarian nationalism, opposition to immigration and multiculturalism, and provocative rhetoric, with positions frequently linked to white supremacy.
- Right
Reactionaryism
Stance that rejects modernity and seeks to restore the pre-revolutionary order, defending monarchy, religion, tradition, and hierarchy against Enlightenment rationalism, liberalism, and democracy.
- Right
Reaganite Conservatism
American conservative current associated with Ronald Reagan. It combines lower taxes and a smaller federal economic role with free enterprise, traditional religious values, anticommunism and military strength.
- Third position
Red Fascism
Regime that fuses fascism's authoritarian aesthetics and hierarchy, with a strong leader, order and national discipline, to a socialist economy of collectivization, nationalized enterprise and central planning of the means of production.
- Right
Religious Fundamentalism
Project that seeks to organize state and society according to the strict interpretation of a religious doctrine, subordinating laws, customs, and politics to sacred precepts and rejecting modern secularism.
- Center
Republicanism
Political tradition that values popular sovereignty, civic virtue, and the rule of law, defending citizens' self-government, the separation of powers, and protection against tyranny and the corruption of power.
- Radical left
Revolutionary Syndicalism
Current that rejects the parliamentary and reformist path, betting on the general strike and the mobilising myth: direct union action and proletarian violence should destroy the state and the decadent bourgeoisie.
- Right
Right-Wing Accelerationism
Current that advocates accelerating the system's contradictions through technology and the collapse of liberal institutions, betting on the rupture of the existing order to forge a new social and political hierarchy.
- Right
Right-Wing Nationalism
Prioritizes national sovereignty, identity, and cohesion, associating them with right-wing positions such as social hierarchy, cultural conservatism, or immigration restriction. Currents vary in their views of the state and economy, from free markets to national protectionism.
- Right
Right-Wing Populism
Current that mobilizes the people against political and cultural elites, combining nationalism, immigration restriction, traditional values, public religion, strong security, and anti-establishment economic pragmatism around personalist leaders.
- Right
Right-Wing Pragmatism
Pragmatic branch that prioritizes fiscal adjustment, economic stability, and governability through broad coalitions, accepting market reforms and political concessions in the name of short- and medium-term results.
- Right
Right-Wing Progressivism
Right-wing progressive branch that unites capitalism and the cult of technological progress with a socially progressive, pragmatic, and secular culture, entrusting society's direction to a technical elite rather than mass democracy.
- Right
Right-Wing Technocracy
Model that entrusts the management of the state and the economy to experts and technological efficiency, combining markets, innovation, and technical decisions instead of political deliberation and traditional party competition.
- Right
Secular Conservatism
Conservative branch that defends order, tradition, and institutions without grounding them in religion, supporting cultural values and social stability with secular, historical, and pragmatic arguments.
- Center
Securitarian Democracy
Militant democracy doctrine, authorizing a democratic state to restrict the enemies of democracy itself by banning anti-system parties, monitoring extremists and maintaining conscription and reinforced security to defend the constitutional order.
- Center
Social Centrism
Centrist branch that accepts the market economy but prioritizes social protection, public services, gradual reforms, and institutional consensus to reduce inequality without political rupture or permanent polarization.
- Left
Social Democracy
Current that seeks to reconcile capitalism and social justice through democracy, defending regulated markets, a strong welfare state, labor rights, and redistribution to reduce social inequalities.
- Left
Social Liberalism
Branch that combines individual freedoms with strong state action to guarantee welfare, education, and healthcare, defending equal opportunity and social security within the market economy.
- Anarchist
Social Libertarianism
Left-libertarian branch that unites broad individual freedom with collective or shared ownership of resources, defending autonomy, cooperation, and the rejection of both the authoritarian state and capital.
- Left
Social-Developmentalism
Model associated with Brazil's Workers' Party governments that seeks growth with social inclusion, combining rising minimum wages, popular credit, cash transfers and public banks without breaking with the market.
- Left
Socialism
Family of views seeking social ownership or democratic control of productive resources to reduce domination and inequality. Socialist traditions differ on markets, planning, the role of the state, and how transformation should occur.
- Third position
Socialist Conservatism
Current that unites a socialist economy with traditional values, defending social protection and a strong state role alongside family, order, and customs, far from the cultural progressivism of liberal lefts.
- Center
Socratism
Socrates' dialectical method, examining beliefs through rational questioning and the pursuit of virtue, distrustful of mass politics and the rhetoric of demagogues, yet respectful of the city's rule of law.
- Radical left
Stalinist Socialism
Soviet model consolidated by Stalin, marked by forced industrialization, agrarian collectivization, rigid central planning, a cult of the leader, and mass repression against real or suspected opponents of the regime.
- Left
State Developmentalism
Model in which the state directs industrialization and economic growth through planning, public investment, and industrial protection, seeking to overcome the nation's backwardness and external dependence.
- Left
State Liberalism
Liberal current that accepts an active role for the state in the economy and in guaranteeing rights, combining individual freedoms and markets with regulation and public policies aimed at the collective good and equality.
- Radical left
State Socialism
System in which the state controls the means of production and directs the economy through central planning, promoting industrialization and welfare under strong political authority and limited popular democratic participation.
- Center
Stoicism
Greco-Roman philosophy that teaches living according to reason and nature, accepting with serenity what lies beyond one's control, cultivating duty, self-mastery and virtue above pleasure, and recognizing a natural law common to all rational humanity.
- Third position
Strasserist Socialism
Anti-capitalist wing of National Socialism, linked to Gregor Strasser, which emphasized a mass nationalist socialism, nationalization, and social revolution within the movement, later crushed by Hitler.
- Left
Syndicalism
Movement that places unions and workers' organization at the center of politics, defending collective bargaining, direct action, and labor control over production as the path to working-class emancipation.
- Anarchist
Techno-Anarchism
Technological anarchism that proposes abolishing the state through automation, abundant energy, decentralized networks, and self-managed voluntary communities with digital tools and free local production.
- Libertarian
Techno-Commercialism
A neoreactionary current that rejects democracy in favor of microstates run like firms. It favors competition among jurisdictions, free markets, the right of exit, and technological innovation as principles of government.
- Anarchist
Techno-Communism
Current that combines the final stage of communism with technological acceleration, using automation and AI to overcome scarcity, necessary labor, and private property.
- Right
Techno-Fascism
Dystopia that combines the totalitarian authoritarianism of fascism with digital surveillance, artificial intelligence, and technological control of the masses, using technique to repress, manipulate, and dominate all of society.
- Right
Techno-Monarchism
A unitary variant of neoreaction: an absolute CEO-monarch rules a centralized state through data and security technology (surveillance, AI), under market capitalism, private property and free enterprise, for the sake of stability and efficiency.
- Radical left
Techno-Socialism
Current that joins the dictatorship of the proletariat with technological accelerationism, defending a revolutionary party, data-driven planning, automation, and collective ownership to lead the transition to communism.
- Center
Technocracy
Model of government in which decisions are made by experts and technical, scientific criteria, entrusting engineers, economists, and scientists with the rational and efficient management of the state and the economy.
- Center
Third Way
1990s renewal of the center-left under Blair, Clinton and Giddens that accepts globalized markets and fiscal discipline, replaces welfare with work activation, is tough on crime and backs liberal interventions.
- Radical left
Titoist Socialism
Variant of socialism developed in Tito's Yugoslavia, combining single-party rule and a cult of the leader with workers' self-management of enterprises, federal decentralization, market openness, and non-alignment between the Cold War blocs.
- Right
Traditionalism
A current of René Guénon and Julius Evola that sees modernity as the decay of a universal spiritual tradition, defending sacred hierarchy, castes, initiatory order and the primacy of spirit over economics and mass politics.
- Right
Traditionalist Atheism
Thoroughly secular conservatism that rejects faith and clergy while defending hierarchy, family, authority, nation and inherited customs as civilizational goods, treating traditional morality as a social necessity rather than a divine commandment.
- Center
Tridemism
Sun Yat-sen's republican doctrine, articulated in the Three Principles of the People: nationalism, democracy, and the people's livelihood. Its program envisioned transitional political tutelage, popular sovereignty, and social and economic reforms.
- Radical left
Trotskyist Communism
Current of Trotsky, co-founder of the Soviet state and the Red Army, which defends permanent revolution, a vanguard party and the dictatorship of the proletariat, criticizing Stalinist bureaucracy without renouncing one-party rule.
- Right
Universalist Catholicism
Christian vision that places the universal Church above nations, races and borders, in the line of Paul of Tarsus and Augustine, joining intense faith, traditional morals and spiritual authority with brotherhood among all peoples.
- Left
Utopian Socialism
Early 19th-century current that envisioned an industrial society reorganized by rational planning, led by scientists, engineers and producers, replacing politicians and aristocrats without appealing to class struggle or revolution.
- Third position
Varguist Nationalism
Getúlio Vargas's Estado Novo doctrine joining economic nationalism, a centralized state, state-tied unions, labor law and state firms such as Petrobras, against the regional oligarchies and liberalism.
- Radical left
Vietnamese Socialism
Model of the Communist Party of Vietnam uniting Ho Chi Minh Thought, anticolonial national liberation and the 1986 Đổi Mới: single-party rule, a socialist-oriented market economy, a dominant state sector and openness to global trade.
- Anarchist
Zapatismo
Neo-Zapatista movement that emerged in 1994 in southern Mexico, combining indigenous autonomy, direct democracy through assemblies and caracoles, cooperative subsistence economy, and refusal to seize state power, summed up as 'lead by obeying'.
- Right
Zionism
A Jewish national movement founded by Herzl in 1897 that led to Israel in 1948. It spans labor, revisionist and religious currents and today is expressed in a parliamentary democracy with a strong military, the Law of Return and control of the West Bank.
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